SEMANTIC
1.SENTECE
A
sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A
sentence is the basic unit of language
which expresses a complete thought.
It does this by following the grammatical rules of syntax.
A
complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb
to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: Walker walks. A
subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the
subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written
sentence has a capital letter.
Here
are some kinds of sentences:
a.
Simple
Sentence
b.
Compound
Sentence
c.
Complex
Sentence
A.
SIMPLE
SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called
an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a
complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow,
and verbs are in green. An independent clause (or main clause)
is a clause that can stand by itself, also known as a simple sentence. An independent clause
contains a subject and a
predicate; it
makes sense by itself.
Multiple independent clauses
can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).and a dependent clause (sometimes
called a subordinate clause) is a clause
that augments an independent clause
with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Dependent clauses modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as a
component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a
synonym for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause
refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.There are also different types of
dependent clauses like noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and
adverbial clauses. EXAMPLE:
A. Some students
like to study in the mornings.
B. Juan
and Arturo play
football every afternoon.
C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
The
three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B
contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.
Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete
thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.
B. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined
by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells
FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always
preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in
yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede
them are in red.
A. I
tried to speak Spanish, and my friend
tried to speak English.
B. Alejandro
played football, so Maria went shopping.
C. Alejandro
played football, for Maria went shopping.
The above three sentences are
compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and
they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the
conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the
clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the
coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first?
Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence,
"Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping"
first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because,
possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because
"Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators
change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would
the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the
sentence?
C. COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one
or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as
because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun
such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences,
subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their
commas (when required) are in red. Example :
A. When he handed
in his homework, he forgot to give the
teacher the last page.
B. The teacher
returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students
are studying because
they have
a test tomorrow.
2. UTTERANCE
An utterance is a natural unit of speech
bounded by breaths or pauses. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded
by the speaker's silence.
An
Utterance
is any sound of talk, that human produce. The
characteristics of utterance are:
•It
is spoken
•Physical
event
•May
be grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not
focus on the grammatical aspect)
•Meaningful
or meaningless
•By
specific person (in particular accent)
•By
specific time or on particular occasion
•A
piece of language (a single phrase or even a single
word)
Examples of Two-Word Utterances :
-
Look here
-
Paper cup
-
My bottle
-
Cook
carrot
To
differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use
quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of
utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.
3. PROPOSITION
A proposition is a sentence
expressing something true or false . A proposition is that part of the
meaning of a clause or sentence that is
constant, despite changes in such things as the voice or illocutionary
force
of the clause.
A
proposition may be related to other units of its kind through interpropositional
relations,
such as temporal
relations
and logical
relations
Examples:
- Alec
ate the banana.
- The
banana was eaten by Alec.
- Did
Alec eat the banana?
- Alec,
eat the banana.
All these utterances may be analyzed as consisting of
a predicate naming an event or state and one
or more arguments naming referents that participate in that event or
state.
- The
activity is eat.
- The
agent is Alec.
- The
patient is a banana.
To differentiate utterance and
sentence,
we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example,
a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.
A sentence is a string of
words put together by the grammatical of rules of a language expressing a complete thought. It is neither physical event nor a physical
object. For example, I am a student.
An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:
•It is spoken
An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:
•It is spoken
•Physical event
•May be
grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not focus
on the grammatical aspect)
•Meaningful or
meaningless
•By specific
person (in particular accent)
•By specific
time or on particular occasion
•A piece of
language (a single phrase or even a single word)
To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.
A Proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs. Besides declarative sentence, proposition also clearly involved in the meaning of interrogatives and imperative sentences. For example, “Get out of here this minute!”, “I’m afraid that I’ll have to ask you to leave.” In these two sentences, the speaker asserted proposition.
We can entertain preposition in the mind regardless whether they are true or false, by thinking them or believing them, but only true proposition can be known.
To
make clear the differences between utterance, sentence, and proposition, look
at this chart belo
The relationship between reference and utterance is not as direct as that sense and proposition, but there is a similarity. Both, referring and uttering are acts performed by particular person on particular occasion. Most utterances contain one or more acts of referring. An act of referring is the picking out of a particular referent by a speaker in the course of particular utterance.
The relationship between reference and utterance is not as direct as that sense and proposition, but there is a similarity. Both, referring and uttering are acts performed by particular person on particular occasion. Most utterances contain one or more acts of referring. An act of referring is the picking out of a particular referent by a speaker in the course of particular utterance.
UTTERANCE
An
utterance is the use of any piece of language by a particular speaker on a
particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a
single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. Examples:
Tina
visits her niece and meets a new friend
Tina :”Hi”
Toni was
sweeping the floor when a hot frying pan was fallen
Toni: “Ouch”
SENTENCE
A
sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a (partial)
complete thought. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express
a statement, question, exclamation, request or command. Example :
After
cooking, mother speaks to father softly
Mother
: “I am tired”
WHAT ABOUT PROPOSITION ?
It is an active
declarative sentence either it s true or false.
The sun rises
everyday.
William
Shakespeare died in 1945 SEMANTIC
1.SENTECE
A
sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A
sentence is the basic unit of language
which expresses a complete thought.
It does this by following the grammatical rules of syntax.
A
complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb
to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: Walker walks. A
subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the
subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written
sentence has a capital letter.
Here
are some kinds of sentences:
a.
Simple
Sentence
b.
Compound
Sentence
c.
Complex
Sentence
A.
SIMPLE
SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called
an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a
complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow,
and verbs are in green. An independent clause (or main clause)
is a clause that can stand by itself, also known as a simple sentence. An independent clause
contains a subject and a
predicate; it
makes sense by itself.
Multiple independent clauses
can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).and a dependent clause (sometimes
called a subordinate clause) is a clause
that augments an independent clause
with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Dependent clauses modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as a
component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a
synonym for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause
refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.There are also different types of
dependent clauses like noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and
adverbial clauses. EXAMPLE:
A. Some students
like to study in the mornings.
B. Juan
and Arturo play
football every afternoon.
C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
The
three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B
contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.
Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete
thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.
B. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined
by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells
FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always
preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in
yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede
them are in red.
A. I
tried to speak Spanish, and my friend
tried to speak English.
B. Alejandro
played football, so Maria went shopping.
C. Alejandro
played football, for Maria went shopping.
The above three sentences are
compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and
they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the
conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the
clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the
coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first?
Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence,
"Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping"
first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because,
possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because
"Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators
change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would
the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the
sentence?
C. COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one
or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as
because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun
such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences,
subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their
commas (when required) are in red. Example :
A. When he handed
in his homework, he forgot to give the
teacher the last page.
B. The teacher
returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students
are studying because
they have
a test tomorrow.
2. UTTERANCE
An utterance is a natural unit of speech
bounded by breaths or pauses. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded
by the speaker's silence.
An
Utterance
is any sound of talk, that human produce. The
characteristics of utterance are:
•It
is spoken
•Physical
event
•May
be grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not
focus on the grammatical aspect)
•Meaningful
or meaningless
•By
specific person (in particular accent)
•By
specific time or on particular occasion
•A
piece of language (a single phrase or even a single
word)
Examples of Two-Word Utterances :
-
Look here
-
Paper cup
-
My bottle
-
Cook
carrot
To
differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use
quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of
utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.
3. PROPOSITION
A proposition is a sentence
expressing something true or false . A proposition is that part of the
meaning of a clause or sentence that is
constant, despite changes in such things as the voice or illocutionary
force
of the clause.
A
proposition may be related to other units of its kind through interpropositional
relations,
such as temporal
relations
and logical
relations
Examples:
- Alec
ate the banana.
- The
banana was eaten by Alec.
- Did
Alec eat the banana?
- Alec,
eat the banana.
All these utterances may be analyzed as consisting of
a predicate naming an event or state and one
or more arguments naming referents that participate in that event or
state.
- The
activity is eat.
- The
agent is Alec.
- The
patient is a banana.
To differentiate utterance and
sentence,
we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example,
a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.
A sentence is a string of
words put together by the grammatical of rules of a language expressing a complete thought. It is neither physical event nor a physical
object. For example, I am a student.
An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:
•It is spoken
An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:
•It is spoken
•Physical event
•May be
grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not focus
on the grammatical aspect)
•Meaningful or
meaningless
•By specific
person (in particular accent)
•By specific
time or on particular occasion
•A piece of
language (a single phrase or even a single word)
To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.
A Proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs. Besides declarative sentence, proposition also clearly involved in the meaning of interrogatives and imperative sentences. For example, “Get out of here this minute!”, “I’m afraid that I’ll have to ask you to leave.” In these two sentences, the speaker asserted proposition.
We can entertain preposition in the mind regardless whether they are true or false, by thinking them or believing them, but only true proposition can be known.
To
make clear the differences between utterance, sentence, and proposition, look
at this chart belo
The relationship between reference and utterance is not as direct as that sense and proposition, but there is a similarity. Both, referring and uttering are acts performed by particular person on particular occasion. Most utterances contain one or more acts of referring. An act of referring is the picking out of a particular referent by a speaker in the course of particular utterance.
The relationship between reference and utterance is not as direct as that sense and proposition, but there is a similarity. Both, referring and uttering are acts performed by particular person on particular occasion. Most utterances contain one or more acts of referring. An act of referring is the picking out of a particular referent by a speaker in the course of particular utterance.
UTTERANCE
An
utterance is the use of any piece of language by a particular speaker on a
particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a
single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. Examples:
Tina
visits her niece and meets a new friend
Tina :”Hi”
Toni was
sweeping the floor when a hot frying pan was fallen
Toni: “Ouch”
SENTENCE
A
sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a (partial)
complete thought. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express
a statement, question, exclamation, request or command. Example :
After
cooking, mother speaks to father softly
Mother
: “I am tired”
WHAT ABOUT PROPOSITION ?
It is an active
declarative sentence either it s true or false.
The sun rises
everyday.
William
Shakespeare died in 1945
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