Sentece,,utterance and proposition

SEMANTIC

1.SENTECE

A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical rules of syntax.

A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: Walker walks. A subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter.

Here are some kinds of sentences:  

a.       Simple Sentence

b.      Compound Sentence

c.       Complex Sentence

A.    SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green. An independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself, also known as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate; it makes sense by itself.

Multiple independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).and a dependent clause (sometimes called a subordinate clause) is a clause that augments an independent clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as a component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.There are also different types of dependent clauses like noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and adverbial clauses.  EXAMPLE:

A. Some students like to study in the mornings.

B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.

C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences.  Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.  Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs. 

B.     COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. 

A.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. 

B.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 

C.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences.  Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.  Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses.  Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators.  In sentence B, which action occurred first?  Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping.  In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first.  In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping."  How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses?  What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

C.    COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red. Example :

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.

B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 

C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

2. UTTERANCE

 An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.

An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:

•It is spoken

•Physical event

•May be grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not focus on the grammatical aspect)

•Meaningful or meaningless

•By specific person (in particular accent)

•By specific time or on particular occasion

•A piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word)

Examples of Two-Word Utterances :

-          Look here

-          Paper cup

-          My bottle

-          Cook carrot

To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.

3. PROPOSITION

A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false . A proposition is that part of the meaning of a clause or sentence that is constant, despite changes in such things as the voice or illocutionary force of the clause.

A proposition may be related to other units of its kind through interpropositional relations, such as temporal relations and logical relations

Examples:

  The common content of each of the the following utterances is a proposition:

• Alec ate the banana.
• The banana was eaten by Alec.
• Did Alec eat the banana?
• Alec, eat the banana.

All these utterances may be analyzed as consisting of a predicate naming an event or state and one or more arguments naming referents that participate in that event or state.

• The activity is eat.
• The agent is Alec.
• The patient is a banana.

To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.

DIFFERENCES Utterances, Sentences, and Proposition in Semantic

A sentence is a string of words put together by the grammatical of rules of a language expressing a complete thought. It is neither physical event nor a physical object. For example, I am a student.

An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:
•It is spoken

•Physical event

•May be grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not focus on the grammatical aspect)

•Meaningful or meaningless

•By specific person (in particular accent)

•By specific time or on particular occasion

•A piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word)

            To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.

            A Proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs. Besides declarative sentence, proposition also clearly involved in the meaning of interrogatives and imperative sentences. For example, “Get out of here this minute!”, “I’m afraid that I’ll have to ask you to leave.” In these two sentences, the speaker asserted proposition.

We can entertain preposition in the mind regardless whether they are true or false, by thinking them or believing them, but only true proposition can be known.

            To make clear the differences between utterance, sentence, and proposition, look at this chart belo


            The relationship between reference and utterance is not as direct as that sense and proposition, but there is a similarity. Both, referring and uttering are acts performed by particular person on particular occasion. Most utterances contain one or more acts of referring. An act of referring is the picking out of a particular referent by a speaker in the course of particular utterance.

UTTERANCE

An utterance is the use of any piece of language by a particular speaker on a particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. Examples:

—  Tina visits her niece and meets a new friend

—  Tina :”Hi”

—  Toni was sweeping the floor when a hot frying pan was fallen 

—  Toni: “Ouch”

SENTENCE

A sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a (partial) complete thought. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command. Example :

—  After cooking, mother speaks to father softly

—  Mother : “I am tired”

WHAT ABOUT PROPOSITION ?

It is an active declarative sentence either it s true or false.

—  The sun rises everyday.

—  William Shakespeare died in 1945SEMANTIC

1.SENTECE

A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical rules of syntax.

A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: Walker walks. A subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter.

Here are some kinds of sentences:  

a.       Simple Sentence

b.      Compound Sentence

c.       Complex Sentence

A.    SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green. An independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself, also known as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate; it makes sense by itself.

Multiple independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).and a dependent clause (sometimes called a subordinate clause) is a clause that augments an independent clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as a component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.There are also different types of dependent clauses like noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and adverbial clauses.  EXAMPLE:

A. Some students like to study in the mornings.

B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.

C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences.  Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.  Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs. 

B.     COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. 

A.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. 

B.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 

C.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences.  Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.  Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses.  Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators.  In sentence B, which action occurred first?  Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping.  In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first.  In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping."  How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses?  What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

C.    COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red. Example :

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.

B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 

C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

2. UTTERANCE

 An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.

An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:

•It is spoken

•Physical event

•May be grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not focus on the grammatical aspect)

•Meaningful or meaningless

•By specific person (in particular accent)

•By specific time or on particular occasion

•A piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word)

Examples of Two-Word Utterances :

-          Look here

-          Paper cup

-          My bottle

-          Cook carrot

To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.

3. PROPOSITION

A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false . A proposition is that part of the meaning of a clause or sentence that is constant, despite changes in such things as the voice or illocutionary force of the clause.

A proposition may be related to other units of its kind through interpropositional relations, such as temporal relations and logical relations

Examples:

  The common content of each of the the following utterances is a proposition:

• Alec ate the banana.
• The banana was eaten by Alec.
• Did Alec eat the banana?
• Alec, eat the banana.

All these utterances may be analyzed as consisting of a predicate naming an event or state and one or more arguments naming referents that participate in that event or state.

• The activity is eat.
• The agent is Alec.
• The patient is a banana.

To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.

DIFFERENCES Utterances, Sentences, and Proposition in Semantic

A sentence is a string of words put together by the grammatical of rules of a language expressing a complete thought. It is neither physical event nor a physical object. For example, I am a student.

An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of utterance are:
•It is spoken

•Physical event

•May be grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not focus on the grammatical aspect)

•Meaningful or meaningless

•By specific person (in particular accent)

•By specific time or on particular occasion

•A piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word)

            To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (“….“) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.

            A Proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs. Besides declarative sentence, proposition also clearly involved in the meaning of interrogatives and imperative sentences. For example, “Get out of here this minute!”, “I’m afraid that I’ll have to ask you to leave.” In these two sentences, the speaker asserted proposition.

We can entertain preposition in the mind regardless whether they are true or false, by thinking them or believing them, but only true proposition can be known.

            To make clear the differences between utterance, sentence, and proposition, look at this chart belo


            The relationship between reference and utterance is not as direct as that sense and proposition, but there is a similarity. Both, referring and uttering are acts performed by particular person on particular occasion. Most utterances contain one or more acts of referring. An act of referring is the picking out of a particular referent by a speaker in the course of particular utterance.

UTTERANCE

An utterance is the use of any piece of language by a particular speaker on a particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. Examples:

—  Tina visits her niece and meets a new friend

—  Tina :”Hi”

—  Toni was sweeping the floor when a hot frying pan was fallen 

—  Toni: “Ouch”

SENTENCE

A sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a (partial) complete thought. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command. Example :

—  After cooking, mother speaks to father softly

—  Mother : “I am tired”

WHAT ABOUT PROPOSITION ?

It is an active declarative sentence either it s true or false.

—  The sun rises everyday.

—  William Shakespeare died in 1945